Fermentation of complex carbohydrates by healthy bacteria into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, propionate, and acetate which are key fuel sources for colon cells; reduces inflammation, leaky gut syndrome and colon cancer risk.

The gut and good bacteria work together to metabolize and absorb vitamins (B vitamins, vitamin K), minerals, amino acids, polyphenols and antioxidants

Assists in bile acid metabolism which helps with fat digestion.

Healthy bacteria work with your immune system, helping them discern between healthy microbes and harmful microbes. As I mentioned before, we have developed a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. They produce compounds which bind to receptors in our gut lining and this stimulates our immune system protecting us from foreign invaders.

Healthy bacteria help maintain gut barrier integrity, preventing "leaky gut" and systemic inflammation; they regulate inflammation and help produce the mucous protective layer.

Healthy bacteria produce antimicrobial peptides and compete with pathogens like yeast and parasites, reducing the risk of harmful overgrowths.

Neurotransmitters like GABA, dopamine and serotonin precursors (used to make serotonin) are produced within the gut; while these cannot cross the blood brain barrier, they can still impact the gut-brain axis through 3 pathways: neural, hormonal, and immune. Through these pathways, our gut can influence mood, behaviour and cognitive function.

While more research is needed, microbiome imbalances are correlated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. There are two main groups of healthy bacteria; firmicutes and bacteroidetes. Research has shown that these individuals tend to have an imbalance in healthy bacteria, with too many firmicutes compared to bacteroidetes.

The GI tract helps break down drugs, toxins, and hormones, which then allows for proper detoxification through organs and subsequent elimination. For example, if there’s any level of constipation, the body will reabsorb estrogens which is common in individuals with hormonal imbalances. Proper metabolism and detoxification includes breaking down hormones or xenobiotic compounds AND eliminating them properly through regular bowel movements.

A balanced microbiome helps regulate inflammation. Remember, healthy bacteria produce anti-inflammatory compounds, specifically short chain fatty acids; these are produced by the fermentation of fibre and they then suppress inflammatory molecules and feed the cells in the gut lining, reducing inflammation and leaky gut syndrome.

The GI microbiome is not just a passive passenger but instead, is an active organ-like system critical for digestion, immunity, mental health, metabolism and disease prevention.